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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>It would be interesting to hear the comments of
those who are better qualified than I am on this question (i.e the purpose of
"anti-drag" cleats). In *theory* (which I emphasise), a properly designed and
constructed frame foundation grillage should transfer all the horizontal forces
into the walls that are parallel with those forces, such that there is then no
end-thrust into any of the walls. In this perfect situation cleats would,
indeed, be unnecessary. To achieve this requires the beams to be of adequate
stiffness and, most importantly, diagonally braced so as to resist parallelogram
distortion.(Plus other refinements such as all bolts to be a close fit in reamed
bolt holes.) As regards the stiffness factor, for the past 30 years or so the
steel used has been of Universal Beam section, which has parallel flanges.
Formerly, the steels were Rolled Steel Joists that had tapered flanges. Is it
not the case that UBs are inherently more flexible than RSJs?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>In practice, I assume that the theoretically
perfect grillage is not achievable and some end loading of the steels is
inevitable. The late Donald Ascough (structural engneer) presumably did not
accept this because, harking back to the Stourbridge controversy of a few years
ago, he propounded his belief that beams ends should be free to move
(longitudinally) to allow for thermal movement. It would appear that there are
other engineers and architects who still think this way.</FONT></DIV>
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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>What, I think, has been learnt from long experience
is that grouting-in beam ends with mass concrete, not a mix of rubble, etc, if
properly done works and is safe. Returning, however, to my initial comments, it
is vital that the steel sections and diagonal bracing are adequately specified
so as to keep end loading to an absolute minimum. (Is there a question mark over
this in the case of Kings Lynn, I wonder?)</FONT></DIV>
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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>DB</FONT></DIV>
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<BLOCKQUOTE
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<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=richard.offen@l_p6spExf8tI2gGrlWSSbZnziR7gYxqhoGSKx5GB3bmhPwVgLVb1YL1vRuuZ5U7Bb3Hl-3gWpzKazj7ZYKhAtJif8zXbMS1g.yahoo.invalid
href="mailto:richard.offen@edmmSfPzOgVmWQPkEQ6Jgd68zwysTbZKwj7maShCdt_pyS24gfNY49m4ycrSie4NX0q5EMLC2Y6qY9mUX19wXkA.yahoo.invalid">Richard Offen</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=bellhistorians@yahoogroups.com
href="mailto:bellhistorians@yahoogroups.com">bellhistorians@yahoogroups.com</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, February 24, 2007 8:03
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Bell Historians] Steelwork
into masonary</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV id=ygrp-text>
<P><BR>> We call them called drag cleats - in other words, they help
provide <BR>drag. I <BR>> suppose you could look at this both ways. Sorry!
M<BR>> <BR>> Matthew Higby & Co Ltd,<BR><BR>I remember either Eric
Fowler or Arthur Fidler (can't remember which <BR>however!) telling me of one
job they did for Taylors where the church <BR>architect insisted on the
drag-cleats being cut off the foundation <BR>girders before he would allow
them to be inserted in the tower walls. <BR>No amount of explantion as to
their purpose would persuade him <BR>otherwise.<BR><BR>As Chris Pickford has
already said, the architect is the boss on these <BR>occasions and the
contactor has to do his bidding.<BR><BR>Richard<BR><BR></P></DIV><!--End group email --></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>