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<DIV>allow me to edit it . Can you reissue please .</DIV>
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<DIV>David<BR><BR>--- On <B>Sun, 12/21/08, Bill Hibbert <I><bill@hibberts.co.uk></I></B> wrote:<BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(16,16,255) 2px solid">From: Bill Hibbert <bill@YVUz7VLno-EhoBDzGnSOsbkPA9NXbV3_NC-wXk9bXFbF923HV5hx0D1K4O7ecu6JZpIPQ8nyeY2MybSECA.yahoo.invalid><BR>Subject: [Bell Historians] Stretch tuning and my research<BR>To: bellhistorians@yahoogroups.com<BR>Date: Sunday, December 21, 2008, 11:33 PM<BR><BR>
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<DIV>A bit more unfinished business (from over two weeks ago - sorry!).<BR><BR>Drew Douglas:<BR>> how much is the flattening of the trebles subjective and likely to <BR>different interpretation by different ears?<BR><BR>Here's an attempt to quickly summarise what I found or confirmed <BR>(some of it was known before) in my research into strike notes and <BR>stretch tuning.<BR><BR>1) Strike notes are generated within the ear or brain of the listener <BR>by sets of partials with frequencies in the approximate ratio 1 : <BR>1.5 : 2 and so on. The note or pitch we hear is roughly that of the <BR>lowest partial in the set, though usually in a lower octave. The <BR>effect in the ear generating the strike note is very powerful - <BR>greater than the effect of any individual partial - and is well <BR>established by research, though the cause is not fully understood.<BR><BR>2) In bells, there are two sets of partials that have the right <BR>frequency ratios to
generate strike notes: the nominal, superquint, <BR>octave nominal etc.; and I-7, I-9, I-11 etc. These are all partials <BR>which have an anti-node at the rim of the bell (i.e. are stimulated <BR>by the clapper blow). The I-n notation, due to André Lehr, is <BR>explained in my thesis for those not familiar with it.<BR><BR>3) The lowest of the set of partials with ratios 1 : 1.5 : 2 has to <BR>lie broadly in the range 500Hz to 1500Hz for a strike note to he <BR>heard: the exact range differs from person to person. In bells whose <BR>nominals lie in this range, the nominal determines the strike note. <BR>In bigger bells, the higher series of partials based on I-7 comes <BR>into play, giving rise to the secondary strike about a fourth above. <BR>In small bells, the nominal is too high to form a strike note and the <BR>pitch of the bell is determined by the prime or hum. In small true-<BR>harmonic bells nominal, prime and hum will all give the same note
<BR>(albeit in different octaves). If the bell is old-style this is not <BR>so, hence the discordant sound and ambiguous note of smaller old-<BR>style trebles.<BR><BR>4) Now for the really interesting bit. When a strike note is formed <BR>by a set of partials with ratios approximately as 1 : 1.5 : 2 etc., <BR>if the partials are squeezed together (as generally happens in <BR>thicker bells) the strike note flattens. If they are stretched apart <BR>(as is often the case in thinner bells) the strike note sharpens. The <BR>variation can be considerable: 1/4 or 1/2 of a semitone. The extent <BR>of the shift depends both on the listener and the position of the <BR>bell's nominal in the audible spectrum: but all the dozens of people <BR>who have completed the experiments experience the effect to a greater <BR>or lesser degree. A subsequent experiment has shown that the shift is <BR>fairly independent of partial amplitude.<BR><BR>In passing, I should say that
it is difficult to measure strike <BR>notes, because one is measuring the reaction of people rather than <BR>anything physical. I had to devise a new way of measurement, which I <BR>discover is also now being used by a researcher in Finland to measure <BR>similar effects in pianos. <BR><BR>I have had two opposite reactions to the experiment results showing <BR>shifts in strike note. Those familiar with the practice of bell <BR>tuning find it hard to believe that the strike note can move away <BR>from the half-nominal in this way. The academics are surprised that <BR>anyone *doesn't* accept that strike notes shift with partial spacing. <BR>Perhaps the effect in bells has remained in doubt until now because <BR>the shifts, though big enough to be musically significant, are not so <BR>big as to be impossible to ignore. <BR><BR>I used the experiment results from 26 people, plus analysis of the <BR>tuning of about 2,000 bells, to develop a way to predict the
average <BR>shift in strike note from the frequencies of the nominal and octave <BR>nominal partials. In peals of twelve, because the trebles are cast to <BR>a thicker scale than the tenors, they have relatively flatter strike <BR>notes. I applied the predictions to half a dozen stretched twelves: <BR>Melbourne (Australia), Tewkesbury, Cambridge, Cornhill, St Paul's, <BR>and Preston Minster; and in each case the experimental results <BR>predicted well the actual stretch in the trebles.<BR><BR>The experiments were deliberately designed to emphasise listening to <BR>strike notes rather than individual partials. In practical <BR>situations, in trebles of twelve, ambiguity exists, and different <BR>listeners hear the flattened strike pitch, but also the hum, prime or <BR>nominal, in different circumstances, so that there is not one right <BR>answer to how to tune trebles. Certainly, to sharpen trebles to the <BR>full extent required to give strike notes
that are in tune means that <BR>the nominals are audibly and unpleasantly sharp. On the other hand, <BR>trebles (such as those at the Bullring) which are very thick but are <BR>tuned without stretch sound odd rung with the thinner tenors, because <BR>the ear hears both the in-tune nominals and the flat strike notes.<BR><BR>The effect of pitch shift is not restricted to peals of twelve: <BR>Southwold (where the two trebles have a thicker profile than the back <BR>bells) is a vivid example, covered in an RW article in June 2003.<BR><BR>Bill H<BR><BR>PS My thesis is available online at <BR><A href="http://www.hibberts.co.uk/phd/phd.htm;" target=_blank rel=nofollow>http://www.hibberts .co.uk/phd/ phd.htm;</A> it is a long read and covers <BR>many other aspects of bell acoustics as well as stretch tuning. There <BR>are some introductory articles intended to provide an easy way in.<BR><BR></DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></td></tr></table><br>